The Science of ECF

Ecological Risk Assement

• Review of ECF and TCF Bleaching Processes and Specific Issues Raised in the WWF Report on Arauco Valdivia (PDF)
• A Review and Assessment of the Ecological Risks Associated with the Use of Chlorine Dioxide for the Bleaching of Pulp
• Evaluation of the Risks Associated with the Use of Chlorine Dioxide for the Bleaching of Pulp: Scientific Progress since 1993.

Dioxin Elimination and Eco-system Recovery

• Eco-System Recovery: Liftings of Fish Consumption Advisories for Dioxin Downstream of U.S. Pulp and Paper Mills - 2005 Update
• Eco-System Recovery: Liftings of Fish Consumption Advisories for Dioxin Downstream of U.S. Pulp Mills - 2003 Update
• Eco-System Recovery: Liftings of Fish Consumption Advisories for Dioxin Downstream of U.S. Pulp Mills - 2002 Update
• An Assessment of the Formation of 2378-TCDD and 2378-TCDF when Chlorine Dioxide is the Oxidizing Agent in the First Stage of Pulp Bleaching
• Five Great Reasons Why We Care: The Pulp and Paper Industry's Virtual Elimination Strategy
• Eco-system Recovery: Lifting of Fish Consumption Advisories for Dioxin Downstream of U.S. Pulp Mills
• The Impact of Chlorine Dioxide Delignification in Pulp Manufacturing and Effluent Characteristics at Grande Prairie: Effluent Quality Improvements and Eco-system Response.

ECF and Closed Loop Mills

• The Minimum-Impact Mill: “State-of-the-Art” Manufacturing (PDF)
• Minimum Impact Mills: Issues and Challenges